Endoscopic or Microscopic Tympanoplasty Advantages and Disadvantages: A Theory Domain Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Tympanoplasty is a reparative surgery that has multiple indications. The aid of a microscope or an endoscope is necessary to carry out the procedure. The classic method utilizes the microscope; however, in the recent decades, the endoscope has been popular. Although many articles try to compare these two techniques, there is still no robust evidence that confirms the superiority of either technique. In the present work, we seek to perform a systematic review contribute with this discussion. Objectives The present systematic review attempted to compare endoscopic and microscopic surgery techniques and to discover whether there would be superiority in the results of any of them, based on data currently available in the literature. Data Synthesis The objectives of the present review were organized according to the PICO planning and strategy adapted for systematic reviews. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established aiming to select only select primary data. The main medical databases were searched usingan optimized search string with appropriate descriptors. The searched databases were MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and EMBASE. A total of 99 studies were selected and 38 were fully assessed after the inclusion criteria were applied. All included articles were reviewed by all authors and their results were discussed and summarized. Conclusion The endoscopic technique was shown to be a safer technique comparable in effectiveness to the use of microscopy. In addition, it provides possible advantages such as shortening the surgical time and better postoperative pain outcomes.

Tumor risk markers in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

Abstract Objectives: This study aims to investigate the pattern of immunoexpression of proteins p16, p53 and Ki-67 in RRP, as well as to evaluate its influence on the number of surgeries that patients have undergone to date and to analyze the benefit of immunohistochemistry in this disease. Methods: Clinical-demographic data and tumor samples were obtained from 33 patients with RRP. The expression of proteins p16, p53 and Ki-67 was analyzed by immunohistochemical method. Results: Most patients had already undergone more than one surgery. The p16 marker was negative in 24.2% of the cases, with little positivity in 27.3% of the cases, moderate in 36.4% and intense in 12.1%. The p53 marker was positive in all cases, with little immunoexpression in 39.4% of cases, moderate in 36.4% and intense in 24.2%. The Ki-67 marker showed nuclear positivity in all lesions, although in varying degrees, with a mean proliferative index ±SD (standard deviation) of 51.7±26. Conclusions: The papillomatous lesions had varying degrees of immunoexpression of proteins p16, p53 and Ki-67, but no specific immunohistochemical pattern was observed. It was found, with statistical difference, that the number of surgeries was higher in cases with greater intensity of p53 expression, without correlation with the other markers. The benefit of immunohistochemistry in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis may lie in the prognostic assessment. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the use of this technique for this purpose. Level of evidence:: 4.

Task force Guideline of Brazilian Society of Otology - hearing loss in children - Part II - Treatment

Abstract Objectives: To provide an overview of the main evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of hearing loss in children and adolescents aged 0-18 years. Methods: Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on childhood hearing loss were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. Results: The topics were divided into 2 parts: (1) treatment of sensorineural hearing loss: individual hearing aids, bilateral cochlear implants, cochlear implants in young children, unilateral hearing loss, and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder; and (2) treatment of conductive/mixed hearing loss: external/middle ear malformations, ventilation tube insertion, and tympanoplasty in children. Conclusions: In children with hearing loss, in addition to speech therapy, Hearing AIDS (HAs) or implantable systems may be indicated. Even in children with profound hearing loss, both the use of HAs and behavioral assessments while using the device are important.

Infecção congênita e perinatal por citomegalovírus: clínica, laboratório e condutas / Congenital and perinatal infection by cytomegalovirus: clinical, laboratory and treatment

Racional: O impacto da infeção congênita e perinatal pelo CMV na saúde pública é muito relevante, sendo a infecção congênita mais predominante, porém pouco abordada. Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil dos pacientes com diagnóstico positivo para infecção congênita e perinatal por citomegalovírus. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal, com coleta de dados retrospectiva. Os dados foram obtidos segundo critérios demográficos, imunológicos, virológicos, terapêuticos e de análise dos exames de imagem.Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 35 pacientes que inicialmente receberam o diagnóstico, entretanto somente 17 preenchiam os critérios de inclusão. Conclusões: A amostra estudada foi de casos sintomáticos e reflete proporcionalmente pouco de uma doença tão prevalente. Isto se deve a dificuldade diagnóstica maternofetal; portanto, é importante enfocar e investir em pesquisa e novas ferramentas para um diagnóstico precoce.

Background: The impact of congenital and perinatal CMV infection on public health is very relevant, with congenital infection being the most prevalent, but little addressed. Objective: To evaluate, through the analysis of medical records, the profile of patients with diagnosis of congenital or perinatal cytomegalovirus infection during the stipulated study time. Methods: Observational study, analytical, cross-sectional, with retrospective data collection. The data were obtained according to demographic, immunologic, virologic and therapeutic criteria, as well as imaging exams analysis. Results: Data were collected from 35 patients who initially received the congenital or perinatal infection diagnosis during the time stipulated by the study, but only 17 met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The studied sample of symptomatic patients proportionally reflects little of such a prevalent disease. This happens because of the difficult mother-fetus diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to focus and invest in research and new tools seeking the early diagnosis.

Neural Recovery Function of the Auditory Nerve in Cochlear Implant Surgery: Comparison between Prelingual and Postlingual Patients

Abstract Introduction Cochlear implants (CIs) enable objective measures of the neural function in implanted patients through the measurements of the neural response telemetry (NRT) and of the Auditory nerve Recovery Function (REC). These measurements help in programming the speech processor and understanding the auditory system. Objective To compare the NRT and the REC in prelingual and postlingual implanted patients. Methods An observational, descriptive and prospective study was carried out. The NRT and the REC (through the T0, A, and tau parameters) were evaluated in individuals submitted to CI surgery, who were divided into two groups: prelingual and postlingual patients. Results In total, 46 patients were evaluated. Data analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the NRT measurements and the T0, A, and Tau of the REC in the comparison between the two groups, except for the NRT in the basal cochlear region. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in the REC in pre- and postlingual patients.

Facial Nerve Intraoperative Monitoring in Otologic Surgeries under Sedation and Local Anesthesia - A Case Series and Literature Review

Abstract Introduction Local anesthesia with sedation has been employed for an increasingly number of otolaryngology procedures, and might be associated with lower surgical morbidity and costs. Facial nerve monitoring is often advisable in otology to minimize the risks of injuries to this cranial nerve, but the principles, techniques and parameters involved have only been studied for procedures under general anesthesia. Objective To report the preliminary outcomes of intraoperative facial nerve moni- toring during otologic procedures under sedation and local anesthesia. Methods A total of five procedures and their respective intraoperative electrophysi- ological main findings were described. Facial neuromonitoring was performed using the same device by an electrophysiologist. The monitor sensitivity was set at 100 mV, and a stimulating probe was used whenever needed. Results Progressively decreasing low-amplitude baseline values were usually obtained as the level of anesthesia increased, with isolated oscillations possibly related to some degree of voluntary muscular activity. These oscillations could be easily distinguished from those of the surgical manipulation or electrical stimulation of the nerve, which tended to be of much greater amplitude and shorter latency, occurring during specific surgical steps. Conclusion With a surgical team with proper procedural knowledge and broad expertise regarding the technique, intraoperative facial nerve monitoring under local anesthesia with sedation seemed both feasible and reliable. Thus, the need for intraoperative neuromonitoring should not be an obstacle for otologic procedures under less aggressive anesthetic management.

The Middle Turbinate Resection and Its Repercussion in Olfaction with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT)

Abstract Introduction Nasal obstruction is a common complaint, and, for some, the middle turbinate resection is still a controversial issue among the surgical options due to the possibility of deleterious effects on olfaction. The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) is considered the gold standard of smell identification tests, but data about it is still incipient in Brazil. Objective To evaluate if the middle turbinectomy has any repercussion on the sense of olfaction by using the UPSIT as an assessment tool. Methods A prospective study performed between 2013 and 2015 with 27 patients who were treated with middle turbinectomy by the same surgeon and tested with the UPSIT pre- and post-surgery, with a minimum interval of 3 months. Results Twenty-five patients completed the study. The mean age was 27.9 years. There was no statistical correlation betweenmiddle turbinectomy and the UPSIT score, or between gender and the UPSIT score. Conclusion There was no clinical repercussion on olfaction from partial middle turbinectomy.

Short-Term Audiological Results of Diode Laser in Comparison with Manual Perforation in Stapes Surgery

Abstract Introduction Diode laser is a new alternative in stapes surgery for otosclerosis. The present study is the first to compare the short-term results of the surgery performed using diode laser to those obtained through the conventional fenestration technique. Objective To use audiometry to establish a comparative analysis between the functional results obtained through surgery for otosclerosis using diode laser and the conventional technique. Method Audiometric evaluation of 12 patients submitted to stapes surgery for otosclerosis, using diode laser or conventional fenestration by needle and drills, between 2014 and 2015. Each group was composed of 6 patients. Pre and postoperative measures were compared for three months in both groups. The speech recognition threshold, the air and bone conduction threshold, as well as the gap between them at 500 Hz, 1 KHz, 2 KHz and 4 KHz were measured. Results Significant difference in bone conduction and SRT was observed when compared post- and preoperative results in the diode group. However diode and conventional technique groups presented significant differences in air conduction and air-bone gap, suggesting that both can provide functional improvement. Conclusion Laser stapedotomy is a safe technique with good results. Both laser surgery and the conventional technique have improved the hearing of patients with a discreet advantage for the diode laser. Further prospective and randomized clinical trials are required to disclose all possible benefits of the stapes surgery using diode laser.

Comparison of turbinoplasty surgery efficacy in patients with and without allergic rhinitis / Comparação da eficácia da turbinoplastia em pacientes com e sem rinite alérgica

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Turbinoplasty is a procedure that aims to reduce the size of the inferior turbinate through exuberant bone removal with high mucosal preservation. The procedure is recommended for patients with or without allergic rhinitis and those showing irreversible hypertrophy of inferior turbinates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of inferior turbinoplasty for obstructive and non-obstructive symptoms in patients with or without allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Prospective study with 57 patients who underwent inferior turbinoplasty. They were evaluated for nasal obstruction, snoring, facial pressure, smell alterations, sneezing, nasal itching and runny nose symptoms, surgery time, and intraoperative bleeding. The last evaluation took place three months after surgery. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients with allergic rhinitis and 18 without were assessed. Ninety days after surgery, 94.7% of patients showed degrees IV and V of breathing improvement; 89.5% showed moderate or complete improvement in snoring; all patients showed smell improvement (only one showed moderate improvement; all the others had full improvement); 95.5% experienced complete facial pressure improvement; and 89.7% showed moderate to complete improvement in nasal itching and runny nose symptoms, as well as in sneezing. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of inferior turbinoplasty was confirmed not only for obstructive symptoms, but also for non-obstructive symptoms in patients with and without allergic rhinitis.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A turbinoplastia é procedimento que visa a redução da concha inferior, à custa da remoção óssea exuberante e maior preservação da mucosa. É indicada para pacientes com e sem rinite alérgica, com hipertrofia irreversível das conchas inferiores. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da cirurgia de turbinoplastia inferior nos sintomas obstrutivos e não obstrutivos em pacientes com e sem rinite alérgica. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 57 pacientes submetidos a turbinoplastia inferior. Foram avaliados quanto à obstrução nasal, roncos, pressão facial, alterações no olfato, espirros, prurido nasal e coriza, tempo de cirurgia e sangramento intraoperatório. A última avaliação foi com 3 meses de operação. RESULTADOS: 39 pacientes com rinite alérgica e 18 sem. Com 90 dias de operação, 94,7% dos pacientes apresentaram graus IV e V de melhora na respiração; 89,5% apresentaram melhora moderada ou total dos roncos; todos os pacientes tiveram melhora no olfato (apenas 1 moderada, os demais melhora total); 95,5% obtiveram melhora total da pressão facial e 89,7% obtiveram melhora moderada ou total em prurido nasal, espirros e coriza. CONCLUSÃO: Comprovou-se a eficácia da cirurgia de turbinoplastia inferior não só nos sintomas obstrutivos, mas também nos sintomas não obstrutivos tanto em pacientes com ou sem rinite alérgica.

Objective assessment of surgical technique in rotation and nasal projection variation / Avaliação objetiva da técnica cirúrgica na variação da rotação e projeção nasal

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: In rhinoplasty, facial esthetic analysis is critical for proper surgical planning. Parameters such as rotation and nasal projection should be routinely evaluated. Few studies have objectively assessed changes in facial angles postoperatively. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of medial intercrural sutures and of rotation of the nasal tip on the increase of rotation and nasal projection in Caucasian patients undergoing primary rhinoplasty. METHODS: A prospective study carried out between 2011 and 2013, with 27 patients treated with primary rhinoplasty with a basic technique by the same surgeon, with medial intercrural sutures and rotation of the nasal tip. Rotation and nasal projection were measured from photographs obtained preoperatively and after 12 months. RESULTS: All 27 patients completed the study. The mean age was 27.1 years. There was a mean increase of 8.4° in the rotation - a statistically significant value. There was no significant change in the projection. CONCLUSION: The medial intercrural and nasal tip rotation sutures are effective in increasing nasal rotation in Caucasian patients undergoing rhinoplasty.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Na rinoplastia, a análise estética facial é essencial para um planejamento cirúrgico adequado. Parâmetros como rotação e projeção nasal devem ser rotineiramente avaliados. Há poucos estudos que avaliem objetivamente as mudanças nos ângulos faciais no pós-operatório. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia das suturas intercrura mediais e de rotação da ponta nasal no aumento da rotação e projeção nasal em pacientes caucasianos submetidos à rinoplastia primária. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo realizado entre 2011 e 2013, com 27 pacientes submetidos à rinoplastia primária técnica básica, pelo mesmo cirurgião, com suturas intercrura mediais e de rotação da ponta nasal. Mediu-se a rotação e a projeção nasal a partir de fotografias no pré-operatório e 12 meses após. RESULTADOS: Todos os 27 pacientes completaram o estudo. A idade média foi de 27,1 anos. Houve aumento médio de 8,4° na rotação, com significância estatística. Não houve alteração significativa na projeção. CONCLUSÃO: As suturas intercrura mediais e de rotação da ponta nasal são eficazes no aumento da rotação nasal em pacientes caucasianos submetidos à rinoplastia.

Intraoperative Neural Response Telemetry and Neural Recovery Function: a Comparative Study between Adults and Children

Introduction Neural response telemetry (NRT) is a method of capturing the action potential of the distal portion of the auditory nerve in cochlear implant (CI) users, using the CI itself to elicit and record the answers. In addition, it can alsomeasure the recovery function of the auditory nerve (REC), that is, the refractory properties of the nerve. It is not clear in the literature whether the responses from adults are the same as those from children. Objective To compare the results of NRT and REC between adults and children undergoing CI surgery. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, and retrospective study of the results of NRT and REC for patients undergoing IC at our service. The NRT is assessed by the level of amplitude (microvolts) and REC as a function of three parameters: A (saturation level, in microvolts), t0 (absolute refractory period, in seconds), and tau (curve of the model function), measured in three electrodes (apical, medial, and basal). Results Fifty-two patients were evaluated with intraoperative NRT (26 adults and 26 children), and 24 with REC (12 adults and 12 children). No statistically significant difference was found between intraoperative responses of adults and children for NRTor for REC's three parameters, except for parameter A of the basal electrode. Conclusion The results of intraoperative NRT and REC were not different between adults and children, except for parameter A of the basal electrode. .

Anatomopathology of the Superstructure of the Stapes in Patients with Otosclerosis

Introduction Otosclerosis is a disease that causes bone resorption and deposition in the auditory structures, leading to deafness. Many studies have evaluated the histopathology of the stapes footplate in this disease (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, vascular proliferation, fibroblasts, and histiocytes), but we found no studies in the literature involving the histology of the superstructure of the stapes. Objectives To perform an analysis under optical microscopy of histopathologic findings of the superstructure of the stapes from patients with otosclerosis. Methods A contemporary cross-sectional cohort study of pathology analysis of superstructures of the stapes of patients with otosclerosis. Results Fifteen superstructures of stapes in patients with otosclerosis operated in our service and four stapes of cadavers used for dissection (controls) were evaluated. No areas of bone resorption or deposition or presence of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the superstructure of the stapes were found. However, we found in themore distal portions of the crura areas with prominent cementitious lines and woven bone, which was different than the mature trabecular bone found in the head of the stapes or in the controls. Conclusion There were histologic changes in the superstructure of the stapes in patients with otosclerosis operated in our service. .

Alterações fonoaudiológicas em crianças com hipotireoidismo congênito: revisão crítica da literatura / Speech language pathology disorders in children with congenital hypothyroidism: critic review of literature

O Hipotireoidismo Congênito (HC) é a doença endócrina congênita mais comum na infância e corresponde à deficiência de hormônios tireoidianos. Este artigo teve o objetivo de realizar uma revisão crítica da literatura, a respeito das possíveis alterações fonoaudiológicas relacionadas ao HC. Os descritores utilizados para a busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas PUBMED e MEDLINE foram: hypothyroidism OR congenital hypothyroidism AND voice OR hearing OR language. Foram incluídos estudos publicados até julho de 2011. As análises foram realizadas independentemente por dois dos pesquisadores, com posterior discussão e consenso sobre a inclusão. Dos 324 estudos localizados na análise inicial, apenas 20 compuseram a amostra final após o estabelecimento dos critérios de inclusão. Observou-se que há um número considerável de artigos sobre a linguagem de crianças com HC, embora com controvérsias no que se refere aos resultados das avaliações. Quanto à Audiologia, nos últimos anos houve uma redução no número de artigos que descrevem alterações auditivas em crianças com HC. Na área de Voz, foram localizados apenas dois artigos, que se referiram exclusivamente às anormalidades observadas no choro de bebês com HC. Embora com algumas constatações relevantes a respeito do assunto, a grande variabilidade metodológica das pesquisas não permite que se tenha uma conclusão clara sobre as possíveis alterações fonoaudiológicas em crianças portadoras de hipotireoidismo congênito na atualidade.

Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common congenital endocrine disorder in childhood which corresponds to a deficiency of thyroid hormones. This article aimed to do a literature review about the Speech Language Pathology disorders that might be associated to HC. The keywords used for searching the electronic databases PUBMED and MEDLINE were: congenital hypothyroidism OR hypothyroidism AND hearing OR voice OR language. It was included studies published up to July 2011. Two researchers did the analyses, independently, with further discussion and consensus about the inclusion. Out of the 324 studies found in the preliminary analysis, only 20 of them were included in the final sample after establishing the criteria for inclusion. We observed that a great number of articles on the children language development on CH, but controversial ones, when it comes to the results of the evaluations. In Audiology, there has been a reduction in the number of articles that describe hearing loss in children who had CH. Only two papers were found about the voice, which referred exclusively to crying abnormalities in babies affected by CH. Although some findings were proven relevant to the subject, the great variability of the research methodology does not allow us to have a clear conclusion on the probable speech language pathology disorders in children with congenital hypothyroidism.

Epidemiologic Profile of an Otolaryngologic Emergency Service

Introduction According to current research, the number of patients seen in the emergency room is progressively increasing. There are few studies on the characteristics of ear, nose, and throat diseases treated in the emergency room. Objectives (1) To establish the epidemiologic profile of patients with these complaints treated at a referral emergency hospital in locoregional city Curitiba, and (2) to evaluate the calls that truly required emergency care. Methods This is a contemporary cross-study of urgent and emergency referrals to a hospital with otolaryngologic services during the year 2012. Data were collected and epidemiologic characteristics analyzed. Results We analyzed 1,067 patients: 312 presented in spring, 255 in summer, 253 in autumn, and 247 in winter. We found 17 diseases that were common during the year, with 244 (23.99%) upper respiratory tract infections being the most frequent disease. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of diseases, except that acute otitis media was most common during the summer (p = 0.02); distribution between the sexes was balanced. The predominant age group was adults. We found 9.27% cases were true emergencies. Conclusion Patients were 20 to 40 years, with upper respiratory tract infection the most incident disease; 9.27% of cases were emergencies...

Cochlear implantation in patient with Dandy-walker syndrome

Introduction: Dandy Walker Syndrome is a congenital abnormality in the central nervous system, characterized by a deficiency in the development of middle cerebelar structures, cystic dilatation of the posterior pit communicating with the fourth ventricle and upward shift of the transverse sinuses, tentorium and dyes. Among the clinical signs are occipital protuberances, a progressive increase of the skull, bowing before the fontanels, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual impairment. Objectives: To describe a case of female patient, 13 years old with a diagnosis of this syndrome and bilateral hearing loss underwent cochlear implant surgery under local anesthesia and sedation. Case Report: CGS, 13 years old female was referred to the Otolaryngological Department of Otolaryngology Institute of Parana with a diagnosis of "Dandy-Walker syndrome" for Otolaryngological evaluation for bilateral hearing loss with no response to the use of hearing aids. Final Comments: The field of cochlear implants is growing rapidly. We believe that the presence of Dandy-Walker syndrome cannot be considered a contraindication to the performance of cochlear implant surgery, and there were no surgical complications due to neurological disorders with very favorable results for the patient who exhibits excellent discrimination. It has less need for lip reading with improvement in speech quality...

Comparação da telemetria de resposta neural via cocleostomia ou via janela redonda no implante coclear / A comparison between neural response telemetry via cochleostomy or the round window approach in cochlear implantation

Existem duas técnicas para inserção dos eletrodos do implante coclear (IC): Via cocleostomia ou via janela redonda (JR). OBJETIVO: Comparar a telemetria de resposta neural (NRT) no pós-operatório imediato, verificando se há diferenças na estimulação do nervo auditivo entre estas duas técnicas. MÉTODOS: Prospectivo e transversal. Foram avaliados 23 pacientes. Seis submetidos à cirurgia via cocleostomia e 17 via JR. RESULTADOS: Comparação das unidades de corrente médias (UCM) para sons agudos: via JR com média de 190,4 (± 29,2) e via cocleostomia 187,8 (± 32,7), p = 0,71. Comparação das UCM para sons intermediários: via JR, média de 192,5 (± 22) e via cocleostomia 178,5 (± 18.5), p = 0,23. Comparação das UCM para sons graves: via JR, média de 183,3 (± 25) e via cocleostomia 163,8 (± 19,3), p = 0,19. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo não mostrou diferença na captação do potencial de ação da porção distal do nervo auditivo em pacientes usuários do implante coclear multicanal submetidos à cirurgia via cocleostomia ou via JR, utilizando o próprio implante para eliciar o estímulo e gravar as respostas. Portanto, ambas as técnicas estimulam de maneira igual o nervo coclear, e baseado nisto conclui-se, também, que realizar o implante coclear via cocleostomia ou RW é uma escolha que depende da experiência cirúrgica e opção do cirurgião.

There are two techniques for cochlear implant (CI) electrode placement: cochleostomy and the round window (RW) approach. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare neural response telemetry (NRT) results immediately after surgery to check for possible differences on auditory nerve stimulation between these two techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Twenty-three patients were enrolled. Six patients underwent surgery by cochleostomy and 17 had it through the RW approach. RESULTS: Mean charge units (MCU) for high frequency sounds: patients submitted to the RW approach had a mean value of 190.4 (± 29.2) while cochleostomy patients averaged 187.8 (± 32.7); p = 0.71. MCU for mid frequency sounds: patients submitted to the RW approach had a mean value of 192.5 (± 22) while cochleostomy patients averaged 178.5 (± 18.5); p = 0.23. MCU for low frequency sounds: patients submitted to the RW approach had a mean value of 183.3 (± 25) while cochleostomy patients averaged 163.8 (± 19.3); p = 0.19. CONCLUSION: This study showed no differences in the action potential of the distal portion of the auditory nerve in patients with multichannel cochlear implants submitted to surgery by cochleostomy or through the RW approach, using the implant itself to generate stimuli and record responses. Both techniques equally stimulate the cochlear nerve. Therefore, the choice of approach can be made based on the surgeon's own preference and experience.

Potencial evocado cognitivo e desordem de processamento auditivo em crianças com distúrbios de leitura e escrita / Cognitive evoked potentials and central auditory processing in children with reading and writing disorders

As dificuldades na aprendizagem escolar muitas vezes podem ser causadas por uma alteração do Processamento Auditivo - PA. OBJETIVO: Identificar se acima da média dos valores de latência do P300, num grupo de indivíduos com Distúrbio de Leitura e Escrita, também seriam encontradas alterações no teste Staggered Spondaic Word - SSW e no teste de Fala no Ruído que sugerissem Desordem do Processamento Auditivo - DPA. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte transversal. Foram avaliados 21 indivíduos com distúrbio de leitura e escrita, idade entre 7 e 14 anos. RESULTADOS: Todos apresentaram resultados normais no exame otorrinolaringológico, na avaliação audiológica e Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico. Fazendo-se a média aritmética de todos os valores de latência do P300 obtidos, chegou-se à média de 334,25 ms, sendo divididos em dois grupos: grupo "A", com média da latência acima de 335 ms, e "B", com latência abaixo de 335 ms. Nos indivíduos do grupo "A", foram realizados os testes SSW e Fala no Ruído. CONCLUSÃO:O presente estudo pode concluir que foram encontradas alterações nos testes de fala dicótica (SSW) e de Fala no Ruído no grupo de indivíduos com Distúrbio da Escrita e Leitura com valores de latência do P300 acima de 335 ms, sugerindo DPA.

Learning disorders are often magnified by auditory processing disorders (APD). OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to verify whether individuals with reading and writing disorders and P300 latencies above the average also present altered Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) and speech-in-noise test results suggestive of APD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional cohort study. Twenty-one individuals with reading and writing disorders aged between 7 and 14 years were enrolled. RESULTS: All subjects had normal findings on ENT examination, audiological tests, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials. The average P300 latency (334,25 ms) of all patients was picked as a cutoff point to divide the subjects into two groups: group A with latencies above 335 ms, and group B with latencies below 335 ms. Individuals in group A underwent SSW and speech-in-noise testing. CONCLUSION: Altered results in the SSW and speech-in-noise tests suggestive of APD were found in the group of individuals with reading and writing disorders with P300 latencies above 335 ms.

Hydroxyapatite granules used in the obliteration of mastoid cavities in rats / Utilização de hidroxiapatita de cálcio no preenchimento de defeitos ósseos criados em mastoides de ratos

Prospective Experimental study in which we created a bony defect in the mastoids of rats and filled it up with hydroxyapatite to evaluate bone regeneration, to solve the problems of open cavities after mastoidectomies that frequently present with otorrhea, infection, granulation tissue and hearing loss. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate bone regeneration in defects created in the mastoids of rats, using hydroxyapatite, to see how much of the cavity we could reduce. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve rats Wistar-Furth were used. A 0.5 x 0.5 cm bone defect was created in both temporal bones of the rats, and filled with 15 micrograms of hydroxyapatite. The left side was used as control. The animals were slaughtered 40 days afterwards and histology analyses were carried out. RESULTS: In the hydroxyapatite group, the new bone growth involved an area of 68.53 percent of the total; and in the control group it was only of 15.97 percent. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIOn: It was observed a very good hydroxyapatite integration to the temporal bone in this experimental model. The microscopic results were superior with the use of hydroxyapatite when compared to the control group. It is a safe method and easy to apply to solve the problems of open cavities with chronic discharge and difficult to clean.

Estudo experimental prospectivo utilizando ratos que foram submetidos à realização de defeito ósseo em mastoide para avaliar o grau de regeneração óssea após preenchimento com hidroxiapatita de cálcio sintética, para resolver o problema das cavidades abertas pós-mastoidectomia que frequentemente se apresentam com secreção, tecido de granulação, otorreia e perda de audição. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a regeneração óssea em defeitos criados em mastoides de ratos, utilizando hidroxiapatita cáustica, avaliando quanto a cavidade mastoidea criada pode ser diminuída, por meio de microscopia óptica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 12 ratos Wistar. Foi criado um defeito ósseo de 0,5cm x 0,5cm no osso temporal de todos os animais bilateralmente com broca. Padronizou-se à direita o preenchimento do defeito com 15 microgramas de hidroxiapatita, e à esquerda o não preenchimento como controle. A eutanásia foi realizada no 40º pós-operatório e procedeu-se à análise histológica. RESULTADOS: No grupo hidroxiapatita, a neoformação óssea perfez uma área correspondente a 68,53 por cento, no grupo controle 15,97 por cento (p=0,0022). CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se a integração satisfatória da hidroxiapatita nesse modelo experimental. Pode ser um método de fácil aplicação para resolver o problema das cavidades abertas.

Anestesia local e sedação para cirurgia de implante coclear: uma alternativa possível / Local anesthesia for cochlear implant surgery: a possible alternative

Aanestesia geral sempre foi motivo de dúvida dos pacientes que vão ser submetidos a qualquer cirurgia, especialmente o implante coclear. Como já realizamos as cirurgias otológicas com anestesia local e sedação, julgamos perfeitamente possível a realização da cirurgia do implante coclear também com esse tipo de anestesia, diminuindo os riscos, a morbidade e os custos para o hospital. OBJETIVOS: Estudo prospectivo para demonstrar a técnica anestésica e cirúrgica utilizada em três casos de adultos submetidos ao implante coclear, avaliando a segurança e a eficácia de tal técnica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram feitas três cirurgias de implante coclear, duas com implante Cochlear e uma com Med-EL, sem intercorrências transoperatórias, durante a telemetria e no pós-operatório imediato. RESULTADOS: Os três pacientes adultos tiveram alta hospitalar aproximadamente três horas após a cirurgia, deambulando, sem eventos nauseosos, relatando um pós-operatório mais fácil do que esperavam, mesmo no momento da telemetria intraoperatória. CONCLUSÃO: Anestesia local e sedação é uma alternativa para casos selecionados de pacientes para o implante coclear, principalmente naqueles de mais idade ou que apresentem contraindicação para a anestesia geral, os riscos e a morbidade são menores.

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the possibility of performing a cochlear implant surgery with local anesthesia and sedation, the anesthetic technique and the advantages of that in comparison to a general anesthesia. AIMS: prospective study demonstrating the possibility of doing cochlear implant surgery under local anesthesia and sedation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we describe three successful cases operated under local anesthesia, including neural telemetry and the conditions the patient presented after the surgery, with a very good recovery and no complications during and after the procedure. RESULTS: these three surgeries show the possibility of doing the cochlear implant surgery with this kind of anesthesia, with a fast recovery, no symptoms of dizziness and vomiting after the surgery, and very few complaints from the patient. CONCLUSION: local anesthesia with sedation for cochlear implant surgery in adults is a very good alternative for lowering the morbidity for the patient. It bears fewer risks, low costs for the hospital, with a very good procedure control, being very useful for older patients or the ones that have contraindications for general anesthesia.

Abscesso submandibular: bacteriologia e tratamento: revisäo de três anos / Submandibular space infection: bacteriology and treatment: three years review

O abscesso submandibular é patologia corrente na prática médica do otorrinolaringologista. Näo obstante, a conduta frente para estes pacientes ainda é motivo de discussäo. Baseado nesse fato, o serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná realizou revisäo dos casos de abscessos submandibulares ocorridos entre janeiro de 1993 e dezembro de 1995, com os pacientes estudados quanto ao sexo, idade, tempo de evoluçäo, forma de tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico e cultura das secreçöes. O resultado mais significativo foi a ocorrência discreta de bactérias gram negativas nas culturas das secreçöes, concluindo-se portanto que o uso de aminoglicosídeos deve ser evitado no tratamento inicial do paciente, pois sua utilizaçäo pode ser iniciada quando ocorrer resultado bacteriológico positivo para bactérias gram negativas